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Six translucent map layers stacked and slightly offset over the same city streets.
Research

02 · Measurement · 2025–26

Multi-Map ETA

A virtual sensor from six commercial maps

A 24/7 fault-tolerant pipeline collecting synchronized ETAs from Google, HERE, TomTom, MapQuest, Waze, and Apple Maps — and a disagreement index for the routes they will not agree on.

Question

A single commercial map is a product, not a sensor. Cross-provider disagreement on the primary route is noisy. Disagreement on the alternatives is a signal: it is where the maps stop sharing a world.

Constraint

Treat each provider as a biased instrument. Do not average them into a fake ground truth. Measure consensus, and measure where it breaks.

Method

A fault-tolerant pipeline holds six commercial navigation providers in sync, collecting ETAs around the clock. The Alternative Route Disagreement Index (ARDI) quantifies cross-provider consensus on non-primary routes, so alternative-path disagreement can be used as a virtual sensor for transportation research rather than as a UI curiosity.

Artifact

More than 120 days of synchronized collection and 600,000+ route observations across six providers.

Supports virtual-sensor research in transportation science; collection is ongoing.

Virtual sensor

Alternative Route Disagreement Index

ARDI 0.120

Google

HERE

TomTom

MapQuest

Waze

Apple

Primary spread
0.026
Alt. spread
0.120

Primary routes usually agree. Alternatives do not. ARDI is the spread on the non-primary paths — a virtual sensor built from six commercial maps rather than from any one of them. Schematic of the index, not a live feed.